Molecular Biology is the Transcription from DNA to RNA

Introduction The central dogma of molecular biology is widely known as the transcription of DNA to RNA, and then the translation of RNA to protein. In these past few experiments, the students looked at mRNA, treated them with PMA and DMSO. The students then performed reverse transcriptase on their mRNAs in order to convert them into cDNA, which is more stable. After that, the students then performed PCR on their cDNA to zero in on the gene of choice. Those genes were then run through gel electrophoresis. The reasons behind these particular processes were to try to isolate the genes MMP-9 and beta-actin in both the DMSO and PMA groups. PCR (polymerase chain reaction) is used to zero in on a certain gene of choice. First, the DNA is heated to 55C, and then heated to 95C, which splits the double-stranded DNA into single-stranded DNA. The mixture is then brought back down to 55C in which specific primers anneal to the strands of DNA. Once that process is completed, the mixture is then heated to 72C, which causes TAC polymerase to grab onto random oligonucleotides. Finally, the mixture is brought back up to 95C to allow the DNA to split again. This process repeats a total of 32 times resulting in millions of copies of the gene in question. The primers added to the mixture only attach to specific sequences in order to insure that the gene the experimenter wants is the only one that copies. The process of PCR allows for the proliferation of the gene in question to reach a highShow MoreRelatedRole Of Ncrna1184 Words   |  5 Pagesdogma of biology holds that genetic information generally results from DNA to RNA to protein., this directional view has been changed by the emergence of non-coding RNAs(ncRNA) in gene expression. ncRNA is small RNA that constitute a large family of RNA that do not code for protein formerly seen as a waste, but that does not mean that these RNA does not have a biological function. Most importantly, they are shown to be implicated in the regulation of tra nscription and post-transcription mechanismRead MoreSimilarities and Dissimilarities in Transcription and Replication680 Words   |  3 Pagesdissimilarities in transcription and replication Similarities. The similarities are the following: Both processes use similar nucleotide building blocks They use the same chemical method of attack on the same triphosphate group of an incoming nucleotide. The attack too is perpetrated by the -OH final group of the growing chain Both processes are perpetrated by the hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate group that is released upon instigation of the attack. Differences between transcription and replication Read MoreDescribe How Bacteria Decode Its Genetic Information to Produce Proteins?1510 Words   |  7 Pagesthat lacks cell nucleus and membrane bound organells. This group of organisms are termed as prokaryotes. Prokaryotes follows the central dogma of molecular biology first proposed by Francis Crick in 1958 to synthesize proteins from mRNA through a process called translation and the mRNA is being synthesized from the DNA by another process called Transcription. Temperature, nutrient availibity are some key factors that start the process of synthesizing proteins in response to these key factors. ExampleRead MoreDescribe How Bacteria Decode Its Genetic Information to Produce Proteins?1495 Words   |  6 Pagesthat lacks cell nucleus and membrane bound organells. This group of organisms are termed as prokaryotes. Prokaryotes follows the central dogma of molecular biology first proposed by Francis Crick in 1958 to synthesize protei ns from mRNA through a process called translation and the mRNA is being synthesized from the DNA by another process called Transcription. Temperature, nutrient availibity are some key factors that start the process of synthesizing proteins in response to these key factors. ExampleRead MoreAcquisition Of Competency : Epigenetic Regulation Of Ribosomal Rna Transcription919 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Acquisition of competence in the oocytes: epigenetic regulation of ribosomal RNA transcription. Background: The Oocyte, a highly differentiated cell type, has the remarkable capacity to reprogram cells (from sperm to even somatic cells) to that of totipotent embryonic cells. Understanding how oocyte-derived factors contribute to developmental competence will not only impact the fields of stem cell biology/cellular reprogramming but also benefit to infertile patients directly. I have recentlyRead MoreThe Importance Of Non-Coding Rnas1468 Words   |  6 Pages The discovery of genome-wide transcription and the large number of non-protein-coding RNAs produced by what is now termed â€Å"pervasive genomic transcription†, has left scientists with more questions than answers and presents challenges to the core assumptions that were once the solid foundations of modern molecular biology and genetics, furthering complexity of genomics. The function of these non-protein-coding RNAs has not been fully evaluated and the methods of doing so are still in question;Read MoreRoger David Kornberg And The Biological Synthesis2042 Words   |  9 Pagesachieve, Arthur Kornberg co-won the Nobel Prize (1959) in the division of Physiology or Medicine for discovering mechanisms involved in the biological synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Roger mentioned the significance that his parents’ careers had on his upbringing in an interview, stating that everything—from leisure activities to dinner conversations—revolved around the world of science. This early influence carried on further in to his life, as Kornberg eventually matriculated to HarvardRead MoreThe Structural Domains And Mechanism Of Action Of Ribozymes1686 Words   |  7 Pages1) Describe the structural domains and mechanism of action of ribozymes. How can ribozymes be useful as therapeutic agents? (10 points) RNA molecules that act as enzymes are called ribozymes. They are capable of catalyzing the cleavage of their own RNA or other RNA substrates (Missailidis, 2008). Ribozymes are involved in viroid replication, RNA splicing and protein synthesis. (Clark Russel, 2005) The structure of ribozymes consist of a catalytic domain and a substrate binding domain. (EbrahimianRead MoreA Study On The Lac Operon1332 Words   |  6 Pagesenzymes that produce tryptophan. Both the lac operon and the trp operon can act negatively and positively in controlling transcription. The lac operon is regulated by a repressor protein that blocks transcription from occurring. The trp operon is regulated by the trp repressor protein that binds to the operator and blocks transcription. Positive control that stimulates transcription is done by the protein activators. This positive control increases the frequency of the production of more proteinsRead MoreDiscussion Questions On The Difference Between Genomic And Plasmid Dna796 Words   |  4 Pagesare usually in the form of urinary tract infections, however numerous strains have been traced to the blood, urine and feces. Question #2 Plasmid DNA is an autonomously replicating circular DNA molecule that is only about 1,000-20,000 base pairs in size and is separate from bacterial chromosomes. Plasmids are a significant part of molecular biology because they are small enough to be cloned or modified, they endure self-replication, they are stable over long periods of time and they have a diverse